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Adv Dent Res 19:158-166, April, 2006
© 2006 International and American Associations for Dental Research

(C3) The Oral Epithelial Cell and First Encounters with HIV-1

Presented at the Fifth World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS, Phuket, Thailand, July 6–9, 2004, sponsored by Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, the International Association for Dental Research, the World Health Organization, the NIDCR/National Institutes of Health, USA, and the University of California-San Francisco Oral AIDS Center.

M.C. Herzberg1,*, A. Weinberg2, and S.M. Wahl3

1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, University of Minnesota, 17-164 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; and
3 National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

Correspondence: * corresponding author, mcherzb{at}umn.edu

The oral epithelium is the site of first exposure of HIV-1 to host tissues during oral sex with an infected partner or through breast-feeding by an infected mother. Although the oral epithelium is distinguishable by its apparent resistance, the mucosal surfaces represent a primary target of HIV-1. After oral exposure and swallowing, infection is detected prominently in the gastrointestinal tract, which becomes depleted of CD4+ T-cells. The oral cavity and palatine tonsils appear to resist infection and transfer to susceptible lymphoid cells in the lamina propria by local anti-HIV-1 mechanisms. In some cases, expression of these antiviral mechanisms increases after exposure to HIV-1. During primary exposure and before seroconversion, based on limited in vitro and primate data, a window of opportunity for capture of HIV-1 by the oral epithelium may exist. After seroconversion, the risk of infectious HIV-1 appearing in saliva is negligible. This report considers evidence that oral epithelium has the potential both to enable and to resist infection by HIV-1.

KEY WORDS: Oral epithelium • squamous keratinocytes • HIV-1 • innate immunity • T-cells




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